Radio's prehistory (19th century)
• 1820: Hans Christian Ørsted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism in a very simple experiment. He demonstrated that a wire carrying a current was able to deflect a magnetized compass needle.
• 1831: Michael Faraday began a series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. The relation was mathematically modeled by Faraday's law, which subsequently became one of the four Maxwell equations. Faraday proposed that electromagnetic forces extended into the empty space around the conductor, but did not complete his work involving that proposal.
• 1861 to 1865: James Clerk Maxwell made experiments with electromagnetic waves.
• July 30, 1872: Mahlon Loomis was issued U.S. Patent 129,971.
• 1873: Maxwell, as a result of experiments, first described the theoretical basis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in his paper to the Royal Society A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field.
• 28 November 1875: Thomas Edison announced to the press that while experimenting with the telegraph, he had noted a phenomenon that he termed "etheric force". He abandoned this research when Elihu Thomson, among others, ridiculed the idea.
• 1878: David E. Hughes was the first to transmit and receive radio waves when he noticed that his induction balance caused noise in the receiver of his homemade telephone.
• 1880: David Hughes demonstrated his discovery to the Royal Society, but was told it was merely induction.
• 1884: Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti at Fermo in Italy invented a tube filled with iron filings, called a "coherer".
• 1884 to 1886: Edouard Branly of France produced an improved version of the coherer.
• 1885: Edison took out a patent on a system of radio communication between ships, which he then sold to Guglielmo Marconi.
• 1886 to 1888: Heinrich Rudolf Hertz validated Maxwell's theory through experiment. He demonstrated that radio radiation had all the properties of waves (now called Hertzian waves), and discovered that the electromagnetic equations could be reformulated into a partial differential equation called the wave equation.
• 1885 to 1892: Claims have been made that Murray, Kentucky farmer Nathan Stubblefield invented radio, but his devices seem to have worked by induction transmission rather than radio transmission.
• 1893 to 1894: Roberto Landell de Moura, a Brazilian priest and scientist, conducted experiments. He did not publicize his achievement until 1900
Wireless beginnings
In the history of radio and development of "wireless telegraphy", there are multiple claims to the invention of radio. Marconi equipped ships with life saving wireless communications and established the first transatlantic radio service. Tesla developed means to reliably produce radio frequencies, publicly demonstrated the principles of radio, and transmitted long distant signals.
• 1893: At St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla gave a public demonstration of "wireless" radio communication. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and the National Electric Light Association, he described in detail the principles of radio communication. [1] The apparatus that he used contained all the elements that were incorporated into radio systems before the development of the "oscillation valve", the early vacuum tube. Tesla was the first to apply the mechanism of electrical conduction to wireless practices. Also, he initially used sensitive electromagnetic receivers [2], that were unlike the less responsive coherers later used by Marconi and other early experimenters. Afterwards, the principle of radio communication (sending signals through space to receivers) was publicized widely. Various scientists, inventors, and experimenters begin to investigate wireless methods.
• 1894: Heinrich Rudolf Hertz died.
• 19 August 1894: British physicist Sir Oliver Lodge demonstrated the reception of Morse code signalling using radio waves using a "coherer".
• November 1894: The Indian physicist, Jagdish Chandra Bose, demonstrated publicly the use of radio waves in Calcutta, but he was not interested in patenting his work. [3] Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using electromagnetic waves, proving that communication signals can be sent without using wires.
• 1894: The Russian physicist Alexander Popov built a coherer.
• 1896: Marconi was awarded a patent for radio with British Patent 12039, Improvements in Transmitting Electrical Impulses and Signals and in Apparatus There-for. This is the initial patent for radio, though it used various earlier techniques of various other experimenters (primarily Tesla) and resembled the instrument demonstrated by others (including Popov). During this time spark-gap wireless telegraphy is widely researched.
• 1896: Bose went to London on a lecture tour and met Marconi, who was conducting wireless experiments for the British post office.
• 1897: Marconi established the radio station on the Isle of Wight, England. In the U.S. during 1897, Tesla applied for two key radio patents. Those two patents were issued in early 1900.
• 1898: Marconi opened the first radio factory, on Hall Street, Chelmsford, England, employing around 50 people.
• 1899: Bose announced his invention of the "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in a paper presented at Royal Society, London.
• 1900: Reginald Fessenden made a weak transmission of voice over the airwaves.
• Around 1900: Tesla opened the Wardenclyffe Tower facility and advertised services.
• 1901: Marconi claims to have received in St. John's, Newfoundland a radio signal transmitted from Poldhu in Cornwall (UK), but this is disputed. The claims of Marconi's signal and case against it are still discussed.
• 1903: Wardenclyffe Tower neared completion.
• Various theories exist on how Tesla intended to achieve the goals of this wireless system (reportedly, a 200 kW system). Tesla claimed that Wardenclyffe, as part of a World System of transmitters, would have allowed secure multichannel transceiver of information, universal navigation, time synchronization, and a global location system.
• 1904: The U.S. Patent Office reversed its decision, awarding Marconi a patent for the invention of radio, possibly influenced by Marconi's financial backers in the States, who included Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie. This also allowed the U.S. government (among others) to avoid having to pay the royalties that were being claimed by Tesla for use of his patents.
Spark-gap telegraphy
Using various patents, the company called "British Marconi" was established and began communication between coast radio stations and ships at sea. This company along with its subsidiary American Marconi, had a stranglehold on ship to shore communication. It operated much the way American Telephone and Telegraph operated until 1983, owning all of its own equipment and refusing to communicate with non-Marconi equipped ships. Many inventions improved the quality of radio, and amateurs experimented with uses of radio, thus the first seeds of broadcasting were planted. Around the turn of the century, the Slaby-Arco wireless system was developed by Adolf Slaby and Georg von Arco (later incorporated into Telefunken).
A spark-gap transmitter for generating radio frequency electromagnetic waves. Such devices served as the transmitters for most early wireless systems.
• 24 December 1906: Reginald Fessenden used an Alexanderson alternator and rotary spark-gap transmitter to make the first radio audio broadcast, from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible.
• 1907: Marconi established the first permanent transatlantic wireless service from Clifden, Ireland to Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.
• 1909: Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".
• April 1909: Charles David Herrold, an electronics instructor in San Jose, California constructed a broadcasting station. It used spark gap technology, but modulated the carrier frequency with the human voice, and later music. The station "San Jose Calling" (there were no call letters), continued in an unbroken lineage to eventually become today's KCBS in San Francisco. Herrold, the son of a Santa Clara Valley farmer, coined the terms "narrowcasting" and "broadcasting", respectively to identify transmissions destined for a single receiver such as that on board a ship, and those transmissions destined for a general audience. (The term "broadcasting" had been used in farming to define the tossing of seed in all directions.) Charles Herrold did not claim to be the first to transmit the human voice, but he claimed to be the first to conduct "broadcasting". To help the radio signal to spread in all directions, he designed omnidirectional antennas, which he mounted on the rooftops of various buildings in San Jose. Herrold also claims to be the first broadcaster to accept advertising, although advertising generally involves paid announcements. He exchanged publicity for a local record store for records to play on his station.
• 1910: The Wireless Ship Act was passed by the United States Congress, requiring all ships of the United States traveling over two-hundred miles off the coast and carrying over fifty passengers to be equipped with wireless radio equipment with a range of one-hundred miles. The legislation was prompted by a shipping accident in 1909, where a single wireless operator saved the lives of 1200 people.[1]
• 1912: The RMS Titanic sank. After this, wireless telegraphy using spark-gap transmitters quickly became universal on large ships. The Radio Act of 1912 required all seafaring vessels to maintain 24-hour radio watch and keep in contact with nearby ships and coastal radio stations.[1]
• 1913: Marconi initiated duplex transatlantic wireless communication between North America and Europe for the first time, using receiver stations in Letterfrack Ireland, and Louisbourg, Nova Scotia.
• 1913: The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea was convened and produced a treaty requiring shipboard radio stations to be manned 24 hours a day. A typical high-power spark gap was a rotating commutator with six to twelve contacts per wheel, nine inches to a foot wide, driven by about 2000 volts DC. As the gaps made and broke contact, the radio wave was audible as a tone in a crystal set. The telegraph key often directly made and broke the 2000 volt supply. One side of the spark gap was directly connected to the antenna. Receivers with thermionic valves became commonplace before spark-gap transmitters were replaced by continuous wave transmitters.
• 1916: First regular broadcasts on 9XM (now WHA) - Wisconsin state weather, delivered in Morse Code
• 1919: First clear transmission of human speech, (on 9XM) after experiments with voice (1918) and music (1917).
• 1920: Regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in Argentina, pioneered by the group around Enrique Telémaco Susini.
• 1920: Spark-gap telegraphy stopped.
• 20 August 1920: E.W. Scripps's WWJ in Detroit received its commercial broadcasting license and started broadcasting. It has carried a regular schedule of programming to the present. Broadcasting was not yet supported by advertising. The stations owned by manufacturers and department stores were established to sell radios and those owned by newspapers to sell papers and express the opinions of the owners.
• 31 August 1920: The first known radio news program was broadcast by station 8MK, the unlicensed predecessor of WWJ (AM) in Detroit, Michigan.
• October 1920: Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania became the first US commercial broadcasting station to be licensed when it was granted call letters KDKA. (Their engineer Frank Conrad had been broadcasting from his own station since 1916.)
• 1922: Regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle near Chelmsford, England. Early radios ran the entire power of the transmitter through a carbon microphone.
• Mid 1920s:
o Amplifying vacuum tubes revolutionized radio receivers and transmitters; Westinghouse engineers improved them. (Before that, the commonest type of receiver was the crystal set, although some early radios used some type of amplification through electric current or battery.)
o Inventions of the triode amplifier, generator, and detector enabled audio radio.
o Fessenden and Lee de Forest pioneered the invention of amplitude-modulated radio (AM radio), so more than one station can send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where one transmitter covers the entire bandwidth of spectra). Westinghouse bought DeForest's and Armstrong's patent.
• 1920s: Radio was first used to transmit pictures visible as television.
• Early 1930s: Single sideband (SSB) and frequency modulation (FM) were invented by amateur radio operators. By 1940, they were established commercial modes.
Westinghouse was brought into the patent allies group, General Electric, American Telephone and Telegraph, and Radio Corporation of America, and became a part owner of RCA. All radios made by GE and Westinghouse were sold under the RCA label 60% GE and 40% Westinghouse. ATT's Western Electric would build radio transmitters. The patent allies attempted to set up a monopoly, but they failed due to successful competition. Much to the dismay of the patent allies, several of the contracts for inventor's patents held clauses protecting "amateurs" and allowing them to use the patents. Whether the competing manufacturers were really amateurs was ignored by these competitors.
Federal Communications Commission.
Federal Radio Commission.
These features arose:-
• Commercial (United States) or governmental (Europe) station networks
• Federal Radio Commission
• Federal Communications Commission
• Birth of the soap opera
• Race towards shorter waves and FM
• 1933: FM radio was patented; Edwin H. Armstrong invented it. FM uses frequency modulation of the radio wave to minimize static and interference from electrical equipment and the atmosphere, in the audio program.
• 1937: W1XOJ, the first experimental FM radio station, was granted a construction permit by the FCC.
• 1940s: Standard analog television transmissions started in North America and Europe.
• 1943: Tesla's patent (number 645576) was reinstated by the U.S. Supreme Court shortly after Tesla's death, because prior art existed before Marconi's patent was established. Ignoring Tesla's prior art, the decision may have let the U.S. government avoid paying damages that the Marconi Company was claiming for use of its patents during World War I; it is speculated that the U.S. government initially refused to grant Marconi the patent right, to nullify any claims Tesla had for compensation.
• After World War II: The FM radio broadcast was introduced in Germany.
• 1948: A new wavelength plan was set up for Europe at a meeting in Copenhagen. Because of the recent war, Germany (which was not even invited) was only given a few medium-wave frequencies, which are not very good for broadcasting. For this reason Germany began broadcasting on USW, "ultra short wave" (nowadays called VHF). After some amplitude modulation experience with VHF, it was realized that FM radio was a much better alternative for VHF radio than AM.
Monday 7 December 2009
planning of news show
Planning for the radio show. (Coconut lounge news)
5 minute news bulletin work:
• Theme tune/jingle for the coconut news, we will be making this as hard hitting and catchy as we can to really draw the audiences attention
• Me doing a quick overview of all the main headlines. this will be used to set an outline to inform the listener of what is going to be on the show,this wil help draw the audience in more because if we didnt say the headlines then viewer might lose intrest in one story and change shows however if we read out the headlines they woud stay tuned in to listen to a headline they've been waiting for.
• Start off with Ruhul picking one of the bigger stories and speaking to a listener on the phone about it. using a phone in is a common radio convention as it involves the audience
• Have Alex then announce the local Kidlington news and cut to achieve footage of me interviewing members of the public. this will be more informative as it would be with an local news station
• A conversation via satelite on the breaking news use recorded sounds to start off the topic. this will be used to show a range of editing skills
• End with ruhul doing whether before theme tune plays us out this is one of the most common ways to end a broadcast and we will be using this to finish ours
5 minute news bulletin work:
• Theme tune/jingle for the coconut news, we will be making this as hard hitting and catchy as we can to really draw the audiences attention
• Me doing a quick overview of all the main headlines. this will be used to set an outline to inform the listener of what is going to be on the show,this wil help draw the audience in more because if we didnt say the headlines then viewer might lose intrest in one story and change shows however if we read out the headlines they woud stay tuned in to listen to a headline they've been waiting for.
• Start off with Ruhul picking one of the bigger stories and speaking to a listener on the phone about it. using a phone in is a common radio convention as it involves the audience
• Have Alex then announce the local Kidlington news and cut to achieve footage of me interviewing members of the public. this will be more informative as it would be with an local news station
• A conversation via satelite on the breaking news use recorded sounds to start off the topic. this will be used to show a range of editing skills
• End with ruhul doing whether before theme tune plays us out this is one of the most common ways to end a broadcast and we will be using this to finish ours
research notes of Bolton FM, Heart FM and BBC Radion 1
BBC Radio 1 is a British national radio station operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC) which also broadcasts internationally, specialising in current popular music and chart hits throughout the day. Radio 1 provides alternative genres after 7:00pm including electronic dance, hip hop, rock or interviews. It is aimed primarily at the 15–29 age group, although the average age of the audience is 33. Radio 1 was launched at 7:00am on 30 September 1967 as a direct response to the popularity of offshore pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline, which had been outlawed by Act of Parliament known as the marine offensise act this is best documented in the film 'The Boat That Rocked' which follows the story of a pirate radio ship called radio rock and it follow the lives of the presenters and the government who are trying to close them down. This idea of getting rid of pirate radio and having Radio 1 take its place is a key example of the Adaptive Structure change theory based on Anthony Giddens structure theory in which since these pirate radio shows were so popular with the people of the country then for Radio 1 to be succesful the producers of the show would have to give the people what they wanted thus changing there shows structure to be based around music.
From listners to a show on BBC Radio 1 I took some research notes as listening which i hope to later refer to as we create our own broadcast.
Slang: Such as 'oh yeah'. This makes the listener feel more 'at home' and enjoy the experience it also creates a formality about the situation and helps the audience to relate to the presenters as it shows the presenters use slang just like they do.
Talks about themselves: discussed how she got up late and then got stuck in the London traffic on the way to the broadcast center. This makes the listener feel they know the presenter and builds 'friendship' bonds, which will bring the listener back.
About the record: rihanna's latest track is discussed. This keeps the show relevant with modern day music that all the listners can enjoy.
Talks to the listener: talks about the news to the caller, again keeping the listener a main priority and creating a masked 'friendship' through doing this it will again make the listner more intrested in the show and keep them tuned into the broadcast and could even attract them to other broadcasts from the BBC
Another subject: talking about the build up to Christmas. again keeping the show relevent to a though that is on the majority of the audiences mind they even make refrence to the panic buying that goes on during the Christmas period
Says whets coming up: 'Jay-Z is up next' This keeps the listener listening as they will want to hear the song. This is best used when they say the names of the next 2-3 songs that will be played because then if one of the songs does not appeal to the listner then they will keep listning just to hear that song.
catch phrase: 'You're listening to radio 1’
Although some will argue with me that these national stations have less connection with their audience i believe that this is simply not the case as they take views from people all over england this in a way brings the country together having people from up north, down south,east and west of the country all giving there view on what is going on in the news recently this shows a much greater diversity which i believe attracts more people to the show. through this it means the show can get alot more investment meaning they can afford better technical equipment which gives them an advantage over the local radio shows as mny people prefer the listening experience on a nation show such as BBC Radio 1.
96.5 Bolton FM is a Community Radio station based in Bolton, UK. Its studios are located at Office 6, Ashburner Street Market, Bolton. 96.5 Bolton FM launched at 11am on 20 June 2009 at the One Bolton Festival launch event located Victoria Square, Bolton.
The station has several high profile connections including former Labour Whip Frank White as the station's former chairman and radio professional Darryl Morris as a Director and programming advisor. Carl Hartley is Programme Controller of the station, a position he held at former CN Group station Rugby FM. He's also had experience at Lakeland Radio, Tower FM, and The Bay.
Presenting the show: Jay Hull
Talking to the listener: He discussed local events of interest, there was opportunities for call ins
Talking about the record: He would introduce the next track
Adverts: Local businesses eg ‘Plumbers of Bolton’
Catch phrase/Theme tune: to a tune ’96.5 Live from the North’
Digresses to another subject: Presenters did discuss their personal lives
DJ talks about own life: He announced he’s getting a new dog at the weekend
What i did realise about the show not only from listning to it but from looking at the logo for Bolton Fm is that the show is almost like a family of itself its run by northern speaking people to connect with there audience it has various local sports teams getting involved in it and it generally has one of the best relationships being audience and presenters that ive ever seen. Although it has only recently been established i believe that this radio station will soon become the most popular notheren radio show in the country aslong as it keep this so important connection with its viewers.
Heart (also known as Heart FM and Heart Radio) is a network of adult contemporary independent local radio stations in central & southern England and north Wales. Each station broadcasts local breakfast and drive time shows and simulcasts network programming at all other times. Seventeen of the Heart stations are owned and operated by Global Radio with two stations owned independently as a franchise. The particular show i listen to was from the London show.Presenting the show: Toby Anstis
Talking to the listener: caller calls in to answer question on chance to win tickets to a gig paid for by the show
Talking about the record: talking about the song e.g name chart position and if they like the track
Promotes another show: uses upcoming messages to tell you when Emma Bunton’s radio show will begin.
Adverts: Lg phones, trust a trader.com, Wilkerson and Persil
Catch phrase/Theme tune: 'This is Heart' and 'Give it Some Heart'
Digresses to another subject: starts talking about I’m a celebrity get me out of here.
Says whets coming up: songs from Michael Bubble and Lighthouse Family coming up.
DJ talks about own life: say that he is not feeling too well and has caught the cold that is going round.
National and Local stations advertise different products and events (local promote local goods while national advertised bigger brands) but they both use similar advertising theories. They use the Hyperdermic Needle Theory to promote themselves, every time you hear 'This is Heart' as a listener, you feel you want to keep listening to hear what’s coming up on the show. The Two-Step Flow theory is also used, as people go away and discuss what they've heard on the radio e.g "BBC Radio 1 was playing that new track!" and more people will go and listen to pass their own judgment. However it is important to note that The Two Step flow theory only really applies to the national broadcast as not everyone listens to the local radio shows but mainly everyone hears abit of the national broadcasts.
By listening to these three stations I managed to analyse them and pick up some key skills. I listened to how the DJ's spoke and wrote down the conventions of radio. I see our radio course-work being a local news show but with qualities from a national show. We will report on both national and local stories with the professionalism of editing from a national show, but the heart-warming presenting and audience connection you receive from local radio.
semiotics
semiotics
semiotics Semiotics, also called semiotic studies or semiology, is the study of sign processes (semiosis), or signification and communication, signs and symbols, into three branches:Semantics: Relation between signs and the things to which they refer; their denotataSyntactics: Relation of signs to each other in formal structuresPragmatics: Relation of signs to their impacts on those who use themSemiotics is frequently seen as having important anthropological dimensions, for example Umberto Eco proposes that every cultural phenomenon can be studied as communication. However, some semioticians focus on the logical dimensions of the science. They examine areas belonging also to the natural sciences - such as how organisms make predictions about, and adapt to, their semiotic niche in the world In general, semiotic theories take signs or sign systems as their object of study: the communication of information in living organisms is covered in biosemiotics or zoosemiosis.
semiotics Semiotics, also called semiotic studies or semiology, is the study of sign processes (semiosis), or signification and communication, signs and symbols, into three branches:Semantics: Relation between signs and the things to which they refer; their denotataSyntactics: Relation of signs to each other in formal structuresPragmatics: Relation of signs to their impacts on those who use themSemiotics is frequently seen as having important anthropological dimensions, for example Umberto Eco proposes that every cultural phenomenon can be studied as communication. However, some semioticians focus on the logical dimensions of the science. They examine areas belonging also to the natural sciences - such as how organisms make predictions about, and adapt to, their semiotic niche in the world In general, semiotic theories take signs or sign systems as their object of study: the communication of information in living organisms is covered in biosemiotics or zoosemiosis.
Wednesday 2 December 2009
Reviews Heart FM already written by their audience
i found the folowing reviews on http://www.ciao.co.uk/
fan reviews for heart:
I was horrified to hear my husband actually admit that at work he listens to Heart Fm BY CHOICE! We had first sampled Heart when the station was first launched and it was quite simply dreadful.
However, he insisted that it had improved no end, and that for our generation, (lovers of 80's music) it was excellent. So I decided, against my better judgement, to give it a go. I was very pleasantly surprised. As an avid Captial fan, I was getting a little sick of the adverts that they run. Heat play far fewer adverts, in fact they are noticeably fewer. The music comes thick and fast, with modern tunes interspersed with some of our golden oldie favourites. I have listened to it all day on Saturday and have only noticed one or two songs that I actively dislike, and even then, it can be fun to remind yourself why!
The DJ's can be a little naff, but even then they tend to keep their interference to a minimum, and hey, nobodys perfect.
So, to conclude, put aside your misconceptions and doubts, forget Capital (sorry!) and tune in to Heart. I promise you won't be disappointed!
100.7 heart fm westmidlands local radio station, plays music from all generations and genre, from pop , rock to chilled out soul to top it off add abit of motown.
you have the perfect mix !
something for everyone to listen to, i first started listening to heart when mom was doing the house work singing along to the radio, just seeing my mom happy singing and dancing caught on me and my sister joined in, the music is fab,
you can even catch heart fm online while you'r all siting here on facebook tune into heart catch them on www.heart.co.uk
you can also pick up frequencies around the country
the only one problem i see with heart is the constant advertisements but then i think they have to make their money somewhere !
but other than the adverts i'd give heart fm the thumbs up !
party on guys !!!
overall heart has been rated very highly from reading reviews i believe that this is in short down to tow main points those being
1) The range of music they play, this is obviously succesful as it appeals to a wide variety of ages and social groups this results in a wider target audience to recieve the text increasing the shows popularity. however there are drawbacks to having a wider target audience as viewers may lose intrest if they are only attracted to one section of the show resulting in amount of listeners dropping because the show is not specific enough.
2)The avalibilty of heart fm online. with newer technologies being created everyday the technologies of the past such as radio are struggling to keep up however through embrasing the 'online age' it has prevented radio going the way of the VHS video tapes and has creating a much simpler way of accessing the radio whilst in the work place or simply at home.
despite these two positives listeners clearly felt strongly about the amount of advertising being played aswell as the poor quality of the dj's these are two very series problems for a radio show firstly because since there are no visuals for radio it is all taken in by audio this means that the audience and the dj have to be able to relate to each other and even respect each other and build up a repore and secondly again the audience tunes in to listen to the show not adverts so adverts on the radio should be kept as short as possible although this is a common problem with a station like haert fm as its local so most of its money comes from adverts which means if it wants to keep running it needs to keep getting investers.
fan reviews for heart:
I was horrified to hear my husband actually admit that at work he listens to Heart Fm BY CHOICE! We had first sampled Heart when the station was first launched and it was quite simply dreadful.
However, he insisted that it had improved no end, and that for our generation, (lovers of 80's music) it was excellent. So I decided, against my better judgement, to give it a go. I was very pleasantly surprised. As an avid Captial fan, I was getting a little sick of the adverts that they run. Heat play far fewer adverts, in fact they are noticeably fewer. The music comes thick and fast, with modern tunes interspersed with some of our golden oldie favourites. I have listened to it all day on Saturday and have only noticed one or two songs that I actively dislike, and even then, it can be fun to remind yourself why!
The DJ's can be a little naff, but even then they tend to keep their interference to a minimum, and hey, nobodys perfect.
So, to conclude, put aside your misconceptions and doubts, forget Capital (sorry!) and tune in to Heart. I promise you won't be disappointed!
100.7 heart fm westmidlands local radio station, plays music from all generations and genre, from pop , rock to chilled out soul to top it off add abit of motown.
you have the perfect mix !
something for everyone to listen to, i first started listening to heart when mom was doing the house work singing along to the radio, just seeing my mom happy singing and dancing caught on me and my sister joined in, the music is fab,
you can even catch heart fm online while you'r all siting here on facebook tune into heart catch them on www.heart.co.uk
you can also pick up frequencies around the country
the only one problem i see with heart is the constant advertisements but then i think they have to make their money somewhere !
but other than the adverts i'd give heart fm the thumbs up !
party on guys !!!
overall heart has been rated very highly from reading reviews i believe that this is in short down to tow main points those being
1) The range of music they play, this is obviously succesful as it appeals to a wide variety of ages and social groups this results in a wider target audience to recieve the text increasing the shows popularity. however there are drawbacks to having a wider target audience as viewers may lose intrest if they are only attracted to one section of the show resulting in amount of listeners dropping because the show is not specific enough.
2)The avalibilty of heart fm online. with newer technologies being created everyday the technologies of the past such as radio are struggling to keep up however through embrasing the 'online age' it has prevented radio going the way of the VHS video tapes and has creating a much simpler way of accessing the radio whilst in the work place or simply at home.
despite these two positives listeners clearly felt strongly about the amount of advertising being played aswell as the poor quality of the dj's these are two very series problems for a radio show firstly because since there are no visuals for radio it is all taken in by audio this means that the audience and the dj have to be able to relate to each other and even respect each other and build up a repore and secondly again the audience tunes in to listen to the show not adverts so adverts on the radio should be kept as short as possible although this is a common problem with a station like haert fm as its local so most of its money comes from adverts which means if it wants to keep running it needs to keep getting investers.
analysis of radio stations
Heart fm
Presenting the show: toby anstis
Talking to the listener: caller calls in to answer question on chance to win tickets to a gig paid for by the show
Talking about the record: talking about the song e.g name chart postion and if they like the track
Promotes another show: uses upcoming messages to tell you when emma buntons radio show will begin.
Adverts: Lg phones, trust a trader.com, Wilkerson and Persil
Catch phrase/Theme tune: 'This is Heart' and 'Give it Some Heart'
Digresses to another subject: starts talking about im a celebrity get me out of here.
Says whats coming up: songs from Michael Buble and Lighthouse Family coming up.
talks about themself: say that he is not feeling to well and has caught the cold that is going round
Bolton fm
Presenting the show: This is Bolton runs from 11am till 1pm and is presented by Kevin Williams and Johnathon Taylor
Digresses to a differnt topic: Advertising for the turning on of the lights in Bolton tomorrow night
Talks to the public: On the news section they ask for a mans opinion on swine flu
Talks about themselves: Talking about the trouble they had getting into work due to traffic
Catch Phrases: From Bolton for Bolton 96.5fm Bolton fm
Promotes another show: Promotes Gossip Girls a show coming up after about 5 girls who disscuss girl problems of the day
Says whats coming up: Announces the next track
radio 1
Slang: slang used like 'oh yeah'
Talks about themselves: talks about himself e.g who he is and what time he got there
About the record: jason durulo track is discussed
Talks to the listener: talks about the news to the caller
Another subject: talking about christmas
Says whats coming up: jay sean
catch phrase: your listening to radio 1
i believe that we have found some key differnces in the local and national shows through our research for instance BBC radio 1 had alot more advertising not just for there shows but for products from other buisness' that have paid to have there advert played on the show, this is because a national radio station means that a wider audience can be targeted through the media as more people listen and recieve the advert because its in a nationa area rather than a local station.
another key differnce is the quality of the presentors on the shows for local news stations they have generally unknown dj's in most cases whereas the national shows can attract such stars as emma buton who is a big popstar this name alone draws in more viewers through the use of the hyperdermic needle as the name is linked to great music hits with one of the greatest girl bands of all time this instantly makes the listener switch on and want to hear her show.
Presenting the show: toby anstis
Talking to the listener: caller calls in to answer question on chance to win tickets to a gig paid for by the show
Talking about the record: talking about the song e.g name chart postion and if they like the track
Promotes another show: uses upcoming messages to tell you when emma buntons radio show will begin.
Adverts: Lg phones, trust a trader.com, Wilkerson and Persil
Catch phrase/Theme tune: 'This is Heart' and 'Give it Some Heart'
Digresses to another subject: starts talking about im a celebrity get me out of here.
Says whats coming up: songs from Michael Buble and Lighthouse Family coming up.
talks about themself: say that he is not feeling to well and has caught the cold that is going round
Bolton fm
Presenting the show: This is Bolton runs from 11am till 1pm and is presented by Kevin Williams and Johnathon Taylor
Digresses to a differnt topic: Advertising for the turning on of the lights in Bolton tomorrow night
Talks to the public: On the news section they ask for a mans opinion on swine flu
Talks about themselves: Talking about the trouble they had getting into work due to traffic
Catch Phrases: From Bolton for Bolton 96.5fm Bolton fm
Promotes another show: Promotes Gossip Girls a show coming up after about 5 girls who disscuss girl problems of the day
Says whats coming up: Announces the next track
radio 1
Slang: slang used like 'oh yeah'
Talks about themselves: talks about himself e.g who he is and what time he got there
About the record: jason durulo track is discussed
Talks to the listener: talks about the news to the caller
Another subject: talking about christmas
Says whats coming up: jay sean
catch phrase: your listening to radio 1
i believe that we have found some key differnces in the local and national shows through our research for instance BBC radio 1 had alot more advertising not just for there shows but for products from other buisness' that have paid to have there advert played on the show, this is because a national radio station means that a wider audience can be targeted through the media as more people listen and recieve the advert because its in a nationa area rather than a local station.
another key differnce is the quality of the presentors on the shows for local news stations they have generally unknown dj's in most cases whereas the national shows can attract such stars as emma buton who is a big popstar this name alone draws in more viewers through the use of the hyperdermic needle as the name is linked to great music hits with one of the greatest girl bands of all time this instantly makes the listener switch on and want to hear her show.
planning of analysis of 3 radiostations
We're working in our group of 3 and we are all going to be analysing 3 differnt radiostation
ruhul will be doing radio 1
alex will be doing bolton fm
and ill be covering heart fm
through doing this we can analyse what radio connventions are used for local stations and if there is any major differnces in the conventions used on national radio stations.
i expect to find that the local radio stations will have larger sections dedicated to news updates for various issues such as traffic and congestion whereas the national shows will have more live interviews with guest dj's and play more music and then have a specific section dedicated to the news ever couple of hours rather than constant updates.
ruhul will be doing radio 1
alex will be doing bolton fm
and ill be covering heart fm
through doing this we can analyse what radio connventions are used for local stations and if there is any major differnces in the conventions used on national radio stations.
i expect to find that the local radio stations will have larger sections dedicated to news updates for various issues such as traffic and congestion whereas the national shows will have more live interviews with guest dj's and play more music and then have a specific section dedicated to the news ever couple of hours rather than constant updates.
Wednesday 4 November 2009
glossary of radio terminology
A TOP
ABC American Broadcasting Company; network
AC Adult contemporary format.
Account Executive Station or agency salesperson.
Actives Listeners who call radio stations to make requests and comments or in response to contests and promotions.
Actuality Actual recording of news event or person(s) involved.
ADI Area of Dominant Influence; Arbitron measurement area.
Adjacencies Commercials strategically placed next to a feature.
Ad lib Improvisation. Unrehearsed and spontaneous comments.
Affidavit Statement attesting to the airing of a spot schedule.
AFTRA American Federation of Television and Radio Artists; union made up of broadcast performers: announcers, deejays, newscasters.
Aircheck Tape of live broadcast.
Amortization The structure under which a loan is repaid; the structure of time payments and interest.
Amplification Electronically increasing the power of a signal.
AM Amplitude Modulation; method of signal transmission using Standard Broadcast band with frequencies between 535 and 1705 kHz.
Announcement Commercial (spot) or public service message of varying length.
AOR Album-Oriented Rock radio format. Also called Classic Rock.
AP Associated Press; wire and audio news service.
Arbitron Audience measurement service employing a seven-day diary to determine the number of listeners tuned to area radio stations.
ASCAP American Society of Composers, Artists, and Performers; music licensing service.
Ascertainment The formal process of determining a community's needs.
Attribution Statement of the source of information in a news item.
Audio Sound; modulation.
Audition tape Telescoped recording showcasing talents of air person; listen off-air.
Audition channel Monitoring point separate from program that allows for off-air listening.
Automation Equipment system designed to play prepackaged programming.
Availability Vacant air slot for commercial announcement.
Average quarter-hour (AQH) Rating measurement used to estimate the size of a station's audience during any fifteen minute period.
AWRT American Women in Radio and Television.
B TOP
Back announce Recap of preceding music selections.
Balance sheet A summary of a station's assets and liabilities.
Barter Exchange of airtime for programming or goods.
BEA Broadcast Education Association.
Bed Music behind voice in announcement.
Bi-directional pickup pattern Microphone pattern that is sensitive to sound from the front and back but not the sides.
Blasting Excessive volume resulting in distortion.
Blend Merging of complementary sound elements.
Book Term used to describe rating survey document; "Bible."
BM Beautiful Music radio format. One of the first formats on FM.
BMI Broadcast Music Incorporated; music licensing service.
BPME Broadcast Promotion and Management Executives.
Bridge Sound used between program elements.
BTA Best Time Available, also Run of Schedule (ROS); commercials logged at available times.
Bulk eraser Tool for removing magnetic impression from recording tape.
C TOP
Call letters Assigned station identification generally beginning with W east of the Mississippi and K west.
Capstan Shaft in recorder that drives tape.
Cardiod pickup pattern Microphone pattern where sound is picked up from front and rejected from the rear.
Cart Plastic cartridge containing a continuous loop of recording tape.
Cash flow Operating profit before taxes, depreciation and interest are subtracted.
Cassette Two reels of tape in a plastic housing.
CFR Code of Federal Regulations.
Chain broadcasting Forerunner of network broadcasting.
CHR Contemporary Hit Radio format.
Clock Wheel indicating sequence or order of programming ingredients aired during one hour.
Cluster Group of announcements; stop set. (see Spot set)
Cold Background (music bed) fade on last line of copy.
Combo Announcer operating own board, engineering show; also refers to co-owned AM/FM operation.
Commercial Paid advertising announcement; spot.
Compact disk (CD) Digital recording using laser beam to decode surface.
Compensation Combination of salary and fringe benefits paid to an employee.
Condenser microphone Microphone with a capacitative electrical element.
Console Audio mixer consisting of inputs, outputs, toggles, meters, sliders and/or pots; board.
Consultant Station advisor or counselor; "format doctor."
Control room Center of broadcast operations from which programming originates; air studio.
Cool out Gradual fade of bed music at conclusion of spot.
Co-op Arrangement between retailer and manufacturer for the purpose of sharing radio advertising expenses.
Copy Advertising message; continuity, commercial script.
Copywriter One who writes commercial or promotional copy.
Cost Per Point (CPP) Estimate of how much it costs an advertiser to reach one rating point worth of listeners.
Cost Per Thousand (CPM or Cost Per Mil) Estimate of how much it costs an advertiser to reach 1,000 listeners.
CPB Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Funds NPR and PBS.
Crossfade Fade out of one element while simultaneously introducing another.
Cue Signal for the start of action; prepare for airing.
Cue burn Distortion at the beginning of a record cut resulting from heavy cueing.
Cume Ratings measurement, the number of people who have sampled a radio station.
D TOP
DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting. There are two competing systems. IBOC favored by the US. Eureka147 favored by Canada and Europe.
DAT Digital audio tape.
Dayparts Periods or segments of broadcast day: 6-10a.m., 10a.m. - 3p.m., 3- 7p.m.
Dead air Silence where sound usually should be; absence of programming.
Deejay Host of radio music program; announcer; "disk jockey."
Demagnetize remove magnetic impressions.
Demographics Audience statistical data pertaining to age, sex, race, income, and so forth.
Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Powerful communications satellites that beam programming to receiving dishes at earth stations.
Directional Station transmitting signal in a preordained pattern so as to protect other stations on the same or adjacent frequency.
Donut spot A commercial in which copy is inserted between segments of music.
Double billing Illegal station billing practice in which client is charged twice.
Drivetime Radio's primetime: 6-10 a.m. and 3-7 p.m.
Dub Copy of recording; duplicate (dupe).
E TOP
EBS Emergency Broadcast System. (now EAS) Emergency Alert System.
Edit To alter composition of recorded material; splice.
ENG Electronic news gathering.
Erase Wipe clean magnetic impressions; degauss, bulk, deflux, demagnetize.
ERP Effective radiated power; tape head configuration: erase, record, playback
ET Electrical transcription.
Ethnic Programming for minority group audiences.
Eureka147 Digital Audio Broadcasting System being used by Canada and Europe.
F TOP
Fact sheet List of pertinent information on a sponsor.
Fade To slowly lower or raise volume level.
FCC Federal Communications Commission; government regulatory body with authority over radio operations.
Fidelity Trueness of sound dissemination or reproduction.
Fixed position Spot routinely logged at a specified time.
Flight Advertising air schedule.
FM Frequency Modulation; method of signal transmission using 88-108 MHz band.
FMX System used to improve FM reception.
Format Type of programming a station offers; arrangement of material, formula.
Frequency Number of cycles-per-second of a sine wave.
Fulltrack Recording utilizing entire width of tape.
G TOP
Gain Volume; amplification.
Generation Dub; dupe, tape-recording.
Grease pencil Soft-tip marker used to inscribe recording tape for editing purposes.
Gross impressions Total number of exposures to a schedule of announcements.
Gross Rating Points (GRP) Representation of the total number of exposures to a schedule of announcements, expressed as a percentage of all possible listeners.
Ground wave AM signal traveling the earth's surface; primary signal.
H TOP
HD-Radio (see IBOC)
Headphones Speakers worn directly over the ears; headsets, cans.
Hertz (Hz) Cycles per second; unit of electromagnetic frequency. (named after Heinrich Hertz).
Hot Overmodulated. also uptempo AC.
Hot clock Wheel indicating when particular music selections are to be aired.
Hype Exaggerated presentation; high-intensity, punched.
I TOP
IBEW International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers; union.
IBOC In-Band On-Channel. System that would allow digital broadcasting over current AM and FM frequencies. Major companies promoting IBOC included Lucent and USADR USA Digital Radio, Inc. These companies have merged and are now know as Ibiquity. IBOC is now refered to as HD-Radio.
ID Station identification required by law to be broadcast as close to the top of the hour as possible; station break.
Input Terminal receiving incoming current.
Institutional Message promoting general image.
IPS Inches per second; tape speed: 1 7/8, 3 3/4, 7 1/2, 15, 30 IPS.
ITU International Telecommunications Union; world broadcasting regulatory agency.
J TOP
Jack Plug for patching sound sources; patch-cord, socket, input.
Jingle Music commercial or promo; signature, aural-logo.
Jock see Deejay.
K TOP
KDKA First radio station licensed by the Department of Commerce.
Key (keying) Turning a sound source on or off from the console.
Kilohertz One thousand cycles per second; AM frequency measurement, kilocycles.
L TOP
Leader tape Plastic, metallic, or paper tape used in conjunction with magnetic tape for marking and spacing purposes.
Level Amount of volume units; audio measurements.
Licensee Individual or company holding license issued by the FCC for broadcast purposes.
Line Connection used for transmission of audio; phone-line.
Line-of-sight Path of FM signal; FM propagation.
Liner cards Written on-air promos used to ensure adherence to station image; prepared ad-libs.
Live copy Material read over air; not prerecorded.
Live tag Postscript to taped message.
Local channels Class IV AM stations found at high end of band: 1200-1600kHz.
M TOP
Make-good Replacement spot for one missed.
Market Area served by a broadcast facility; ADI.
Master Original recording from which dubs are made.
Master control see Control room.
MBS Mutual Broadcasting System; radio network.
Megahertz (MHz) Million cycles per second; FM frequency measurement, megacycles.
Mixdown Integration of sound elements to create desired effect; production
Monitor Studio speaker; supervise on-air sound; aircheck.
Mono Single or fulltrack sound; monaural, monophonic.
MOR Middle-of-the-Road radio format.
Morning Drive Radio's most listened-to daypart: 6:00-10:00 a.m.
MSA Metro Survey Area; geographic area in radio survey.
Multiplexing Impressing two or more signals on one carrier as in FM stereo.
Multitracking Recording sound-on-sound; overdubbing, stacking tracks.
Music sweep Several selections played back-to-back without interruption; music segue.
N TOP
NAB National Association of Broadcasters.
Narrowcasting Directed programming; targeting specific audience demographic.
NBC National Broadcasting Company; the first radio network.
Network Broadcast combine providing programming to affiliates: CBS, ABC, Mutual, etc.
Network feed Programs sent to affiliate stations.
News block Extended news broadcast.
NPR National Public Radio
O TOP
Omnidirectional pickup pattern Microphone pickup pattern that picks up sound equally well from all directions.
O and O's Network or group owned and operated stations.
Off-mike Speech outside normal range of microphone.
Out-cue Last words in a line of carted copy.
Output Transmission of audio or power from one location to another; transfer terminal.
Overdubbing see Multitracking.
Overmodulate Exceed standard or prescribed audio levels; pinning VU needle.
P TOP
Packaged Canned programming; syndicated, prerecorded, taped.
Passives Listeners who do not call stations in response to contests or promotions or to make requests or comments; the silent majority.
Patch Circuit connector; cord, cable.
Patch panel Jack board for connecting audio sources: remotes, studios, equipment; patch bay.
Payola Undercover illegal payment to a disc jockey or radio station programmer for playing or plugging a record.
Persons using radio (PUR) Measurement of the number of persons listening to stations in a market.
Pinch roller Rubber wheel that presses recording tape against the capstan.
Playback Reproduction of recorded sound.
Playlist Roster of music for airing.
Plug Promo; connector.
Popping Breakup of audio due to gusting or blowing into mike; blasting.
Positioner Brief statement used on-air to define a station's position in a market.
Pot Potentiometer; volume control knob, gain control, fader, attentuator, rheostat.
PSA Public Service Announcement; noncommercial message.
PRI Public Radio International.
Production The use of studio equipment to combine sounds into a finished product. See Mixdown.
Psychographics Research term dealing with listener personality, such as attitude, behavior, values, opinions, and beliefs.
Punch Emphasis; stress.
Q TOP
Quadraphonic four speaker/channel sound reproduction; surround sound.
R TOP
RAB Radio Advertising Bureau.
Rack Prepare or set up for play or record: "rack-it-up"; equipment container.
RADAR Nationwide measurement service by Statistical Research, Inc.
Rate card Statement of advertising fees and terms.
Rating Measurement of the total available audience.
Reach Measurement of how many different members of an audience will be exposed to a message.
RCA Radio Corporation of America; NBC parent company.
Recut Retake; re-record, remix.
Reel-to-reel Recording machine with feed and take-up reels.
Remote Broadcast originating away from station control room.
Reverb Close echo; redundancy of sound.
Rewind Speeded return of recording tape from take up reel.
Ride gain Monitor level; watch VU needle.
Rip 'n' read Airing copy unaltered from newswire.
rpm Revolutions per minute: 33 1/3, 45, and 78 rpm.
RTNDA Radio and Television News Directors Association.
Run-of-station (ROS) Bulk commercial buying plan where station's traffic department will fit the commercials into available time locations. See BTA
S TOP
Satellite Orbiting device for relaying audio from one earth station to another; DBS, Comsat, Satcom.
SBE Society of Broadcast Engineers.
SCA Subsidiary Communication Authority; subcarrier FM.
Secondary service area AM skywave listening area.
Segue Uninterrupted flow of recorded material; continuous.
SESAC Society of European Stage Authors and Composers; music licensing service.
SFX Abbreviation for sound effects.
Share Percentage of station's listenership compared to competition; piece of audience pie.
Signal Sound transmission; RF.
Signature Theme; aural logo, jingle, ID.
Simulcast Simultaneous broadcast over two or more frequencies.
SIRIUS One of two national satellite radio services. (See also XM)
Sky wave Radio wave that bounces off the ionosphere.
Sound bite Audio portion of interview. See Actuality.
Sound hour Term referring to the programming strategy with an hour of broadcasting.
Spectrum Range of frequencies available to broadcasters.
Spec tape Specially tailored commercial used as a sales tool to help sell and account.
Splice To join ends of recording tape with adhesive; edit.
Splicing bar Grooved platform for cutting and joining recording tape; edit bar.
Sponsor Advertiser; client, account, underwriter.
Spots Commercials; paid announcements.
Spot set Group or cluster of announcements; stop set.
Station Broadcast facility given specific frequency by FCC.
Station identification Station call letters immediately followed by city of license. for example: WVUD Newark
Station log Document containing specific operating information as outlined in Section 73.1820 of the FCC Rules and Regulations.
Station rep company acting in behalf of local stations to national agencies.
Stereo Multichannel sound; two program channels.
Stinger Music or sound effect finale preceded by last line of copy; button, punctuation.
Straight copy Announcement employing unaffected, nongimicky approach; institutional.
Stringer Field or on-scene reporter; freelance reporter.
Subliminal Advertising or programming not consciously perceived; below normal range of awareness, background.
Sweep link Transitional jingle between sound elements.
Syndication Programs sent to a network of users.
Syndicator Producer of purchasable program material.
T TOP
Tag Postscript to taped message.
Talent Radio performer; announcer, deejay, newscaster.
Talk Conversation and interview radio format.
TAP Total Audience Plan; spot package divided between specific dayparts; 1/3 AAA, 1/3 AA, 1/3 A.
Tape speed Movement measured in inches per second. See IPS.
Telescoping Compressing of sound to fit a desired length; technique used in audition tapes and concert promos, editing.
TFN Till Further Notice; without specific kill date.
Time spent listening (TSL) Measurement of average amount of time spent by average listener tuned to a station.
Toll broadcasting Precursor to commercial radio.
Total Survey Area (TSA) Geographic area in radio survey.
Trade-out Exchange of station airtime for goods or services.
Traffic Station department responsible for scheduling sponsor announcements.
Transmit To broadcast; propagate signal, air.
Turnover Measurement of how often listenership changes from time period to time period.
Turntable Ancient device used to play records :-)
U TOP
Underwriter Program sponsor; noncommercial financial sponsor.
Underwriting Method by which noncommercial stations seek financial support from commercial sponsors.
Unidirectional mike Microphone designed to pick up sound in one direction; cardiod, studio mike.
V TOP
VOA Voice of America. U.S. International broadcast service.
Voice-over Talk over sound.
Voice-track Recording of announcer message for use in mixdown.
Volume Quality of sound; audio level.
Volume control Pot; fader.
VU Meter Gauge measuring units of sound.
W TOP
WARC World Administrative Radio Conference; international meeting charged with assigning spectrum space.
Wheel Program tool indicating sequence or order of programming ingredients aired during one hour.
Windscreen Microphone filter used to prevent popping and distortion.
Wireless telegraphy Early radio used to transmit Morse code.
Wire service News gathering organization; for example:AP.
Wow Distortion of sound created by inappropriate speed; miscue.
X TOP
XM One of two national satellite radio services. (See also Sirius)
Z Z-TOP
Zone I Region of the country where class B FM stations are located.
ABC American Broadcasting Company; network
AC Adult contemporary format.
Account Executive Station or agency salesperson.
Actives Listeners who call radio stations to make requests and comments or in response to contests and promotions.
Actuality Actual recording of news event or person(s) involved.
ADI Area of Dominant Influence; Arbitron measurement area.
Adjacencies Commercials strategically placed next to a feature.
Ad lib Improvisation. Unrehearsed and spontaneous comments.
Affidavit Statement attesting to the airing of a spot schedule.
AFTRA American Federation of Television and Radio Artists; union made up of broadcast performers: announcers, deejays, newscasters.
Aircheck Tape of live broadcast.
Amortization The structure under which a loan is repaid; the structure of time payments and interest.
Amplification Electronically increasing the power of a signal.
AM Amplitude Modulation; method of signal transmission using Standard Broadcast band with frequencies between 535 and 1705 kHz.
Announcement Commercial (spot) or public service message of varying length.
AOR Album-Oriented Rock radio format. Also called Classic Rock.
AP Associated Press; wire and audio news service.
Arbitron Audience measurement service employing a seven-day diary to determine the number of listeners tuned to area radio stations.
ASCAP American Society of Composers, Artists, and Performers; music licensing service.
Ascertainment The formal process of determining a community's needs.
Attribution Statement of the source of information in a news item.
Audio Sound; modulation.
Audition tape Telescoped recording showcasing talents of air person; listen off-air.
Audition channel Monitoring point separate from program that allows for off-air listening.
Automation Equipment system designed to play prepackaged programming.
Availability Vacant air slot for commercial announcement.
Average quarter-hour (AQH) Rating measurement used to estimate the size of a station's audience during any fifteen minute period.
AWRT American Women in Radio and Television.
B TOP
Back announce Recap of preceding music selections.
Balance sheet A summary of a station's assets and liabilities.
Barter Exchange of airtime for programming or goods.
BEA Broadcast Education Association.
Bed Music behind voice in announcement.
Bi-directional pickup pattern Microphone pattern that is sensitive to sound from the front and back but not the sides.
Blasting Excessive volume resulting in distortion.
Blend Merging of complementary sound elements.
Book Term used to describe rating survey document; "Bible."
BM Beautiful Music radio format. One of the first formats on FM.
BMI Broadcast Music Incorporated; music licensing service.
BPME Broadcast Promotion and Management Executives.
Bridge Sound used between program elements.
BTA Best Time Available, also Run of Schedule (ROS); commercials logged at available times.
Bulk eraser Tool for removing magnetic impression from recording tape.
C TOP
Call letters Assigned station identification generally beginning with W east of the Mississippi and K west.
Capstan Shaft in recorder that drives tape.
Cardiod pickup pattern Microphone pattern where sound is picked up from front and rejected from the rear.
Cart Plastic cartridge containing a continuous loop of recording tape.
Cash flow Operating profit before taxes, depreciation and interest are subtracted.
Cassette Two reels of tape in a plastic housing.
CFR Code of Federal Regulations.
Chain broadcasting Forerunner of network broadcasting.
CHR Contemporary Hit Radio format.
Clock Wheel indicating sequence or order of programming ingredients aired during one hour.
Cluster Group of announcements; stop set. (see Spot set)
Cold Background (music bed) fade on last line of copy.
Combo Announcer operating own board, engineering show; also refers to co-owned AM/FM operation.
Commercial Paid advertising announcement; spot.
Compact disk (CD) Digital recording using laser beam to decode surface.
Compensation Combination of salary and fringe benefits paid to an employee.
Condenser microphone Microphone with a capacitative electrical element.
Console Audio mixer consisting of inputs, outputs, toggles, meters, sliders and/or pots; board.
Consultant Station advisor or counselor; "format doctor."
Control room Center of broadcast operations from which programming originates; air studio.
Cool out Gradual fade of bed music at conclusion of spot.
Co-op Arrangement between retailer and manufacturer for the purpose of sharing radio advertising expenses.
Copy Advertising message; continuity, commercial script.
Copywriter One who writes commercial or promotional copy.
Cost Per Point (CPP) Estimate of how much it costs an advertiser to reach one rating point worth of listeners.
Cost Per Thousand (CPM or Cost Per Mil) Estimate of how much it costs an advertiser to reach 1,000 listeners.
CPB Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Funds NPR and PBS.
Crossfade Fade out of one element while simultaneously introducing another.
Cue Signal for the start of action; prepare for airing.
Cue burn Distortion at the beginning of a record cut resulting from heavy cueing.
Cume Ratings measurement, the number of people who have sampled a radio station.
D TOP
DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting. There are two competing systems. IBOC favored by the US. Eureka147 favored by Canada and Europe.
DAT Digital audio tape.
Dayparts Periods or segments of broadcast day: 6-10a.m., 10a.m. - 3p.m., 3- 7p.m.
Dead air Silence where sound usually should be; absence of programming.
Deejay Host of radio music program; announcer; "disk jockey."
Demagnetize remove magnetic impressions.
Demographics Audience statistical data pertaining to age, sex, race, income, and so forth.
Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Powerful communications satellites that beam programming to receiving dishes at earth stations.
Directional Station transmitting signal in a preordained pattern so as to protect other stations on the same or adjacent frequency.
Donut spot A commercial in which copy is inserted between segments of music.
Double billing Illegal station billing practice in which client is charged twice.
Drivetime Radio's primetime: 6-10 a.m. and 3-7 p.m.
Dub Copy of recording; duplicate (dupe).
E TOP
EBS Emergency Broadcast System. (now EAS) Emergency Alert System.
Edit To alter composition of recorded material; splice.
ENG Electronic news gathering.
Erase Wipe clean magnetic impressions; degauss, bulk, deflux, demagnetize.
ERP Effective radiated power; tape head configuration: erase, record, playback
ET Electrical transcription.
Ethnic Programming for minority group audiences.
Eureka147 Digital Audio Broadcasting System being used by Canada and Europe.
F TOP
Fact sheet List of pertinent information on a sponsor.
Fade To slowly lower or raise volume level.
FCC Federal Communications Commission; government regulatory body with authority over radio operations.
Fidelity Trueness of sound dissemination or reproduction.
Fixed position Spot routinely logged at a specified time.
Flight Advertising air schedule.
FM Frequency Modulation; method of signal transmission using 88-108 MHz band.
FMX System used to improve FM reception.
Format Type of programming a station offers; arrangement of material, formula.
Frequency Number of cycles-per-second of a sine wave.
Fulltrack Recording utilizing entire width of tape.
G TOP
Gain Volume; amplification.
Generation Dub; dupe, tape-recording.
Grease pencil Soft-tip marker used to inscribe recording tape for editing purposes.
Gross impressions Total number of exposures to a schedule of announcements.
Gross Rating Points (GRP) Representation of the total number of exposures to a schedule of announcements, expressed as a percentage of all possible listeners.
Ground wave AM signal traveling the earth's surface; primary signal.
H TOP
HD-Radio (see IBOC)
Headphones Speakers worn directly over the ears; headsets, cans.
Hertz (Hz) Cycles per second; unit of electromagnetic frequency. (named after Heinrich Hertz).
Hot Overmodulated. also uptempo AC.
Hot clock Wheel indicating when particular music selections are to be aired.
Hype Exaggerated presentation; high-intensity, punched.
I TOP
IBEW International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers; union.
IBOC In-Band On-Channel. System that would allow digital broadcasting over current AM and FM frequencies. Major companies promoting IBOC included Lucent and USADR USA Digital Radio, Inc. These companies have merged and are now know as Ibiquity. IBOC is now refered to as HD-Radio.
ID Station identification required by law to be broadcast as close to the top of the hour as possible; station break.
Input Terminal receiving incoming current.
Institutional Message promoting general image.
IPS Inches per second; tape speed: 1 7/8, 3 3/4, 7 1/2, 15, 30 IPS.
ITU International Telecommunications Union; world broadcasting regulatory agency.
J TOP
Jack Plug for patching sound sources; patch-cord, socket, input.
Jingle Music commercial or promo; signature, aural-logo.
Jock see Deejay.
K TOP
KDKA First radio station licensed by the Department of Commerce.
Key (keying) Turning a sound source on or off from the console.
Kilohertz One thousand cycles per second; AM frequency measurement, kilocycles.
L TOP
Leader tape Plastic, metallic, or paper tape used in conjunction with magnetic tape for marking and spacing purposes.
Level Amount of volume units; audio measurements.
Licensee Individual or company holding license issued by the FCC for broadcast purposes.
Line Connection used for transmission of audio; phone-line.
Line-of-sight Path of FM signal; FM propagation.
Liner cards Written on-air promos used to ensure adherence to station image; prepared ad-libs.
Live copy Material read over air; not prerecorded.
Live tag Postscript to taped message.
Local channels Class IV AM stations found at high end of band: 1200-1600kHz.
M TOP
Make-good Replacement spot for one missed.
Market Area served by a broadcast facility; ADI.
Master Original recording from which dubs are made.
Master control see Control room.
MBS Mutual Broadcasting System; radio network.
Megahertz (MHz) Million cycles per second; FM frequency measurement, megacycles.
Mixdown Integration of sound elements to create desired effect; production
Monitor Studio speaker; supervise on-air sound; aircheck.
Mono Single or fulltrack sound; monaural, monophonic.
MOR Middle-of-the-Road radio format.
Morning Drive Radio's most listened-to daypart: 6:00-10:00 a.m.
MSA Metro Survey Area; geographic area in radio survey.
Multiplexing Impressing two or more signals on one carrier as in FM stereo.
Multitracking Recording sound-on-sound; overdubbing, stacking tracks.
Music sweep Several selections played back-to-back without interruption; music segue.
N TOP
NAB National Association of Broadcasters.
Narrowcasting Directed programming; targeting specific audience demographic.
NBC National Broadcasting Company; the first radio network.
Network Broadcast combine providing programming to affiliates: CBS, ABC, Mutual, etc.
Network feed Programs sent to affiliate stations.
News block Extended news broadcast.
NPR National Public Radio
O TOP
Omnidirectional pickup pattern Microphone pickup pattern that picks up sound equally well from all directions.
O and O's Network or group owned and operated stations.
Off-mike Speech outside normal range of microphone.
Out-cue Last words in a line of carted copy.
Output Transmission of audio or power from one location to another; transfer terminal.
Overdubbing see Multitracking.
Overmodulate Exceed standard or prescribed audio levels; pinning VU needle.
P TOP
Packaged Canned programming; syndicated, prerecorded, taped.
Passives Listeners who do not call stations in response to contests or promotions or to make requests or comments; the silent majority.
Patch Circuit connector; cord, cable.
Patch panel Jack board for connecting audio sources: remotes, studios, equipment; patch bay.
Payola Undercover illegal payment to a disc jockey or radio station programmer for playing or plugging a record.
Persons using radio (PUR) Measurement of the number of persons listening to stations in a market.
Pinch roller Rubber wheel that presses recording tape against the capstan.
Playback Reproduction of recorded sound.
Playlist Roster of music for airing.
Plug Promo; connector.
Popping Breakup of audio due to gusting or blowing into mike; blasting.
Positioner Brief statement used on-air to define a station's position in a market.
Pot Potentiometer; volume control knob, gain control, fader, attentuator, rheostat.
PSA Public Service Announcement; noncommercial message.
PRI Public Radio International.
Production The use of studio equipment to combine sounds into a finished product. See Mixdown.
Psychographics Research term dealing with listener personality, such as attitude, behavior, values, opinions, and beliefs.
Punch Emphasis; stress.
Q TOP
Quadraphonic four speaker/channel sound reproduction; surround sound.
R TOP
RAB Radio Advertising Bureau.
Rack Prepare or set up for play or record: "rack-it-up"; equipment container.
RADAR Nationwide measurement service by Statistical Research, Inc.
Rate card Statement of advertising fees and terms.
Rating Measurement of the total available audience.
Reach Measurement of how many different members of an audience will be exposed to a message.
RCA Radio Corporation of America; NBC parent company.
Recut Retake; re-record, remix.
Reel-to-reel Recording machine with feed and take-up reels.
Remote Broadcast originating away from station control room.
Reverb Close echo; redundancy of sound.
Rewind Speeded return of recording tape from take up reel.
Ride gain Monitor level; watch VU needle.
Rip 'n' read Airing copy unaltered from newswire.
rpm Revolutions per minute: 33 1/3, 45, and 78 rpm.
RTNDA Radio and Television News Directors Association.
Run-of-station (ROS) Bulk commercial buying plan where station's traffic department will fit the commercials into available time locations. See BTA
S TOP
Satellite Orbiting device for relaying audio from one earth station to another; DBS, Comsat, Satcom.
SBE Society of Broadcast Engineers.
SCA Subsidiary Communication Authority; subcarrier FM.
Secondary service area AM skywave listening area.
Segue Uninterrupted flow of recorded material; continuous.
SESAC Society of European Stage Authors and Composers; music licensing service.
SFX Abbreviation for sound effects.
Share Percentage of station's listenership compared to competition; piece of audience pie.
Signal Sound transmission; RF.
Signature Theme; aural logo, jingle, ID.
Simulcast Simultaneous broadcast over two or more frequencies.
SIRIUS One of two national satellite radio services. (See also XM)
Sky wave Radio wave that bounces off the ionosphere.
Sound bite Audio portion of interview. See Actuality.
Sound hour Term referring to the programming strategy with an hour of broadcasting.
Spectrum Range of frequencies available to broadcasters.
Spec tape Specially tailored commercial used as a sales tool to help sell and account.
Splice To join ends of recording tape with adhesive; edit.
Splicing bar Grooved platform for cutting and joining recording tape; edit bar.
Sponsor Advertiser; client, account, underwriter.
Spots Commercials; paid announcements.
Spot set Group or cluster of announcements; stop set.
Station Broadcast facility given specific frequency by FCC.
Station identification Station call letters immediately followed by city of license. for example: WVUD Newark
Station log Document containing specific operating information as outlined in Section 73.1820 of the FCC Rules and Regulations.
Station rep company acting in behalf of local stations to national agencies.
Stereo Multichannel sound; two program channels.
Stinger Music or sound effect finale preceded by last line of copy; button, punctuation.
Straight copy Announcement employing unaffected, nongimicky approach; institutional.
Stringer Field or on-scene reporter; freelance reporter.
Subliminal Advertising or programming not consciously perceived; below normal range of awareness, background.
Sweep link Transitional jingle between sound elements.
Syndication Programs sent to a network of users.
Syndicator Producer of purchasable program material.
T TOP
Tag Postscript to taped message.
Talent Radio performer; announcer, deejay, newscaster.
Talk Conversation and interview radio format.
TAP Total Audience Plan; spot package divided between specific dayparts; 1/3 AAA, 1/3 AA, 1/3 A.
Tape speed Movement measured in inches per second. See IPS.
Telescoping Compressing of sound to fit a desired length; technique used in audition tapes and concert promos, editing.
TFN Till Further Notice; without specific kill date.
Time spent listening (TSL) Measurement of average amount of time spent by average listener tuned to a station.
Toll broadcasting Precursor to commercial radio.
Total Survey Area (TSA) Geographic area in radio survey.
Trade-out Exchange of station airtime for goods or services.
Traffic Station department responsible for scheduling sponsor announcements.
Transmit To broadcast; propagate signal, air.
Turnover Measurement of how often listenership changes from time period to time period.
Turntable Ancient device used to play records :-)
U TOP
Underwriter Program sponsor; noncommercial financial sponsor.
Underwriting Method by which noncommercial stations seek financial support from commercial sponsors.
Unidirectional mike Microphone designed to pick up sound in one direction; cardiod, studio mike.
V TOP
VOA Voice of America. U.S. International broadcast service.
Voice-over Talk over sound.
Voice-track Recording of announcer message for use in mixdown.
Volume Quality of sound; audio level.
Volume control Pot; fader.
VU Meter Gauge measuring units of sound.
W TOP
WARC World Administrative Radio Conference; international meeting charged with assigning spectrum space.
Wheel Program tool indicating sequence or order of programming ingredients aired during one hour.
Windscreen Microphone filter used to prevent popping and distortion.
Wireless telegraphy Early radio used to transmit Morse code.
Wire service News gathering organization; for example:AP.
Wow Distortion of sound created by inappropriate speed; miscue.
X TOP
XM One of two national satellite radio services. (See also Sirius)
Z Z-TOP
Zone I Region of the country where class B FM stations are located.
Monday 19 October 2009
my aims for this news broadcast and further reading with action plan
For this year our task is to create a foundation portfolio that is a recorded radio news show
i have choosen to work a group with both alex and ruhul as not only do we work well individually but we're realy at our best when we're working as a group our news cast will involve both national and local news to do this as best as we can we will all be researching national radio stations and then cross refrencing them with local stations to see what conventions are kept the same for both and what is made differnt for local and national news.
i am already quite knowledgable about radio broadcast and will try and get some of my ideas into the group such as the idea of using vox pops.
Texts by Andrew Crisell for further reading:
An introductory history of british broadcasting 2002
a study of modern television: thinking inside the box 2006
radio 2008
understanding radio 1994
Action Plan:
with our coursework we have been asked to make a 5 minute news program. to be able to do this to the best of our abilities we have collaborated ideas and use them to create a simple but affective action plan:
week 1: research.
For our research we will be examining and analysing three differnt radio shows in various regions of the country this way we can draw a more represntative view of what the audience like to get from a news program this research will involve each of us picking a local or national radio station to analyse in differnt aspects such as the language used and how formal or informal the show is, and then presenting our findings to the other members of the group.
week 2: research and planning.
In this week we will have given our feedback to the group and presented what we thought worked well and what didn't after this if we feel we do not have sufficiant knowledge of what the audience would like in our piece then we will analyse more radio stations and again feedback to the group, however if we believe our research and analysis is sufficiant then we will begin to start picking out what we could then use in our show. i believe that this will be such things as an on air interview with a person who would be a key figure in the topical debates being discussed as i believe this will demonstrate an excelent understanding of what out niche audience wants to hear.
week 3: planning.
After we have discussed in our group about the differnt types of radio conventions that we believe we could use for our piece we will then start looking for stories that we can then fit into our setup, we will try and get a range of differnt stories such as sports, weather, local news and global stories. this way we can appeal to a much larger target audience thus increasing the likelyhood of the audience recieving the text.
week 4 and 5: recording.
In this first week of recording i do not believe that we will be abe to record several piece that we will then be able to use in our piece but i see this week as more of an introductory week as we will be using a program called audacity which none of the group have ever incountered before so we will still be getting use to all the controls and seeing what effects the program can offer us that will be relevent to our piece.
Following on from the first week i beieve we will be well in our stride through using audacity and will be ready to sit down and produce several hard hitting stories that our audience wil recieve well we intend to finish recording in this second week.
week 6 and 7: editing.
For editing the group has come together already to discuss some very intresting ideas that i believe we will have lots of fun in trying them out these ideas include doing a satalite interview in which we are going to try to preform by distorting the quality of the sound in the sound clip, this idea came about after i had said how i had been watching ITV news and they had done a satelite interview with a news corrispondant in Afganistan and had experienced technical gliches such as a delay in speech and seizing up of the audio and visual elements of the interview.
week 8: finishing touches.
For the final week we plan to re-evalute our piece and see what we could improve upon for example if we need to re-record a section or if we think of a new way of getting another radio convention into our piece. in this week we will also make sure that our final cut of our news program is up on the blog.
throughout our recording i will be uploading my blog to show how far we have got and if that sticks to our original plan shown above, aswell as including media theorists that link to our work and what my contribution to the group has been.
i have choosen to work a group with both alex and ruhul as not only do we work well individually but we're realy at our best when we're working as a group our news cast will involve both national and local news to do this as best as we can we will all be researching national radio stations and then cross refrencing them with local stations to see what conventions are kept the same for both and what is made differnt for local and national news.
i am already quite knowledgable about radio broadcast and will try and get some of my ideas into the group such as the idea of using vox pops.
Texts by Andrew Crisell for further reading:
An introductory history of british broadcasting 2002
a study of modern television: thinking inside the box 2006
radio 2008
understanding radio 1994
Action Plan:
with our coursework we have been asked to make a 5 minute news program. to be able to do this to the best of our abilities we have collaborated ideas and use them to create a simple but affective action plan:
week 1: research.
For our research we will be examining and analysing three differnt radio shows in various regions of the country this way we can draw a more represntative view of what the audience like to get from a news program this research will involve each of us picking a local or national radio station to analyse in differnt aspects such as the language used and how formal or informal the show is, and then presenting our findings to the other members of the group.
week 2: research and planning.
In this week we will have given our feedback to the group and presented what we thought worked well and what didn't after this if we feel we do not have sufficiant knowledge of what the audience would like in our piece then we will analyse more radio stations and again feedback to the group, however if we believe our research and analysis is sufficiant then we will begin to start picking out what we could then use in our show. i believe that this will be such things as an on air interview with a person who would be a key figure in the topical debates being discussed as i believe this will demonstrate an excelent understanding of what out niche audience wants to hear.
week 3: planning.
After we have discussed in our group about the differnt types of radio conventions that we believe we could use for our piece we will then start looking for stories that we can then fit into our setup, we will try and get a range of differnt stories such as sports, weather, local news and global stories. this way we can appeal to a much larger target audience thus increasing the likelyhood of the audience recieving the text.
week 4 and 5: recording.
In this first week of recording i do not believe that we will be abe to record several piece that we will then be able to use in our piece but i see this week as more of an introductory week as we will be using a program called audacity which none of the group have ever incountered before so we will still be getting use to all the controls and seeing what effects the program can offer us that will be relevent to our piece.
Following on from the first week i beieve we will be well in our stride through using audacity and will be ready to sit down and produce several hard hitting stories that our audience wil recieve well we intend to finish recording in this second week.
week 6 and 7: editing.
For editing the group has come together already to discuss some very intresting ideas that i believe we will have lots of fun in trying them out these ideas include doing a satalite interview in which we are going to try to preform by distorting the quality of the sound in the sound clip, this idea came about after i had said how i had been watching ITV news and they had done a satelite interview with a news corrispondant in Afganistan and had experienced technical gliches such as a delay in speech and seizing up of the audio and visual elements of the interview.
week 8: finishing touches.
For the final week we plan to re-evalute our piece and see what we could improve upon for example if we need to re-record a section or if we think of a new way of getting another radio convention into our piece. in this week we will also make sure that our final cut of our news program is up on the blog.
throughout our recording i will be uploading my blog to show how far we have got and if that sticks to our original plan shown above, aswell as including media theorists that link to our work and what my contribution to the group has been.
Wednesday 9 September 2009
turtle with funky legs
Injured turtle fitted with furniture coasters
A turtle has been fitted with furniture coasters after his front legs were bitten off by a racoon.
Published: 8:50AM BST 08 Sep 2009
Lucky the Box turtle had his front legs bitten off by a Racoon. He has now had furniture sliders fitted under his shell so he can slide around Photo: BARCROFT
Sally Pyne, 60, felt compelled to act after seeing her beloved pet Lucky struggling with his injuries.
Mrs Pyne said: "He was in so much pain, I was ready to let little Lucky go, but Lucky, wasn't ready to give up. He was shoving himself around on his two back legs. He was not going to quit."
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So she took the animal to her local vet who stitched and bandaged him up. However, repairing the wound left Lucky almost completely immobile until a reptile expert suggested attaching four furniture coasters with double-sided sticky tape to Lucky's underbelly to raise his front to the right height.
Now Lucky's back at his Petaluma, California home that he shares with Mrs Pyne and his box turtle girlfriend, Lovey.
Mrs Pyne said: "Lucky's adapted very quickly, and is walking just like he did before.
"As for Lovey, she doesn't seem to have noticed a difference in her playmate, she's still resisting his amorous advances!"
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